Average cost per unit of energy discharged over the system’s lifetime, including CAPEX and OPEX.
Energy storage technologies that can discharge for many hours (commonly >4–6 hours, often 8–100+ hours)...
Li-ion chemistry known for high cycle life and good thermal stability.
Dominant BESS chemistry, using intercalation electrodes and liquid or gel electrolyte (e.g., NMC, NCA, LFP).
